​

​

​

​

_

​

​

​__future__​

Future statement definitions

​

​__main__​

The environment where the top-level script is run.

​

​_thread​

Low-level threading API.

​

​

​

​

a

​

​

​abc​

Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`.

​

​aifc​

Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.

​

​argparse​

Command-line option and argument parsing library.

​

​array​

Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.

​

​ast​

Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.

​

​asynchat​

Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.

​

​asyncio​

Asynchronous I/O.

​

​asyncore​

A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.

​

​atexit​

Register and execute cleanup functions.

​

​audioop​

Manipulate raw audio data.

​

​

​

​

b

​

​

​base64​

RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85

​

​bdb​

Debugger framework.

​

​binascii​

Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.

​

​binhex​

Encode and decode files in binhex4 format.

​

​bisect​

Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.

​

​builtins​

The module that provides the built-in namespace.

​

​bz2​

Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.

​

​

​

​

c

​

​

​calendar​

Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.

​

​cgi​

Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.

​

​cgitb​

Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.

​

​chunk​

Module to read IFF chunks.

​

​cmath​

Mathematical functions for complex numbers.

​

​cmd​

Build line-oriented command interpreters.

​

​code​

Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.

​

​codecs​

Encode and decode data and streams.

​

​codeop​

Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.

​​

​collections​

Container datatypes

​

​colorsys​

Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.

​

​compileall​

Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.

​​

concurrent

​

​

​configparser​

Configuration file parser.

​

​contextlib​

Utilities for with-statement contexts.

​

​contextvars​

Context Variables

​

​copy​

Shallow and deep copy operations.

​

​copyreg​

Register pickle support functions.

​

​cProfile​

​

​

​crypt (Unix)

The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.

​

​csv​

Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.

​

​ctypes​

A foreign function library for Python.

​​

​curses (Unix)

An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.

​

​

​

​

d

​

​

​dataclasses​

Generate special methods on user-defined classes.

​

​datetime​

Basic date and time types.

​​

​dbm​

Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.

​

​decimal​

Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.

​

​difflib​

Helpers for computing differences between objects.

​

​dis​

Disassembler for Python bytecode.

​​

​distutils​

Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation.

​

​doctest​

Test pieces of code within docstrings.

​

​

​

​

e

​

​​

​email​

Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.

​​

encodings

​

​

​ensurepip​

Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.

​

​enum​

Implementation of an enumeration class.

​

​errno​

Standard errno system symbols.

​

​

​

​

f

​

​

​faulthandler​

Dump the Python traceback.

​

​fcntl (Unix)

The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.

​

​filecmp​

Compare files efficiently.

​

​fileinput​

Loop over standard input or a list of files.

​

​fnmatch​

Unix shell style filename pattern matching.

​

​formatter​

Deprecated: Generic output formatter and device interface.

​

​fractions​

Rational numbers.

​

​ftplib​

FTP protocol client (requires sockets).

​

​functools​

Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.

​

​

​

​

g

​

​

​gc​

Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.

​

​getopt​

Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.

​

​getpass​

Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.

​

​gettext​

Multilingual internationalization services.

​

​glob​

Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.

​

​graphlib​

Functionality to operate with graph-like structures

​

​grp (Unix)

The group database (getgrnam() and friends).

​

​gzip​

Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.

​

​

​

​

h

​

​

​hashlib​

Secure hash and message digest algorithms.

​

​heapq​

Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).

​

​hmac​

Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation

​​

​html​

Helpers for manipulating HTML.

​​

​http​

HTTP status codes and messages

​

​

​

​

i

​

​

​imaplib​

IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).

​

​imghdr​

Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream.

​

​imp​

Deprecated: Access the implementation of the import statement.

​​

​importlib​

The implementation of the import machinery.

​

​inspect​

Extract information and source code from live objects.

​

​io​

Core tools for working with streams.

​

​ipaddress​

IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.

​

​itertools​

Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.

​

​

​

​

j

​

​​

​json​

Encode and decode the JSON format.

​

​

​

​

k

​

​

​keyword​

Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.

​

​

​

​

l

​

​

​lib2to3​

The 2to3 library

​

​linecache​

Provides random access to individual lines from text files.

​

​locale​

Internationalization services.

​​

​logging​

Flexible event logging system for applications.

​

​lzma​

A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.

​

​

​

​

m

​

​

​mailbox​

Manipulate mailboxes in various formats

​

​mailcap​

Mailcap file handling.

​

​marshal​

Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).

​

​math​

Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).

​

​mimetypes​

Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.

​

​mmap​

Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.

​

​modulefinder​

Find modules used by a script.

​

​msilib (Windows)

Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files.

​

​msvcrt (Windows)

Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.

​​

​multiprocessing​

Process-based parallelism.

​

​

​

​

n

​

​

​netrc​

Loading of .netrc files.

​

​nis (Unix)

Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library.

​

​nntplib​

NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).

​

​numbers​

Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).

​

​

​

​

o

​

​

​operator​

Functions corresponding to the standard operators.

​

​optparse​

Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.

​​

​os​

Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.

​

​ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD)

Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.

​

​

​

​

p

​

​

​parser​

Access parse trees for Python source code.

​

​pathlib​

Object-oriented filesystem paths

​

​pdb​

The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.

​

​pickle​

Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.

​

​pickletools​

Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.

​

​pipes (Unix)

A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines.

​

​pkgutil​

Utilities for the import system.

​

​platform​

Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.

​

​plistlib​

Generate and parse Apple plist files.

​

​poplib​

POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).

​

​posix (Unix)

The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).

​

​pprint​

Data pretty printer.

​

​profile​

Python source profiler.

​

​pstats​

Statistics object for use with the profiler.

​

​pty (Linux)

Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux.

​

​pwd (Unix)

The password database (getpwnam() and friends).

​

​py_compile​

Generate byte-code files from Python source files.

​

​pyclbr​

Supports information extraction for a Python module browser.

​

​pydoc​

Documentation generator and online help system.

​

​

​

​

q

​

​

​queue​

A synchronized queue class.

​

​quopri​

Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.

​

​

​

​

r

​

​

​random​

Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.

​

​re​

Regular expression operations.

​

​readline (Unix)

GNU readline support for Python.

​

​reprlib​

Alternate repr() implementation with size limits.

​

​resource (Unix)

An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.

​

​rlcompleter​

Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.

​

​runpy​

Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.

​

​

​

​

s

​

​

​sched​

General purpose event scheduler.

​

​secrets​

Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets.

​

​select​

Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.

​

​selectors​

High-level I/O multiplexing.

​

​shelve​

Python object persistence.

​

​shlex​

Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.

​

​shutil​

High-level file operations, including copying.

​

​signal​

Set handlers for asynchronous events.

​

​site​

Module responsible for site-specific configuration.

​

​smtpd​

A SMTP server implementation in Python.

​

​smtplib​

SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).

​

​sndhdr​

Determine type of a sound file.

​

​socket​

Low-level networking interface.

​

​socketserver​

A framework for network servers.

​

​spwd (Unix)

The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends).

​

​sqlite3​

A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.

​

​ssl​

TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

​

​stat​

Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().

​

​statistics​

Mathematical statistics functions

​

​string​

Common string operations.

​

​stringprep​

String preparation, as per RFC 3453

​

​struct​

Interpret bytes as packed binary data.

​

​subprocess​

Subprocess management.

​

​sunau​

Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format.

​

​symbol​

Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree.

​

​symtable​

Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.

​

​sys​

Access system-specific parameters and functions.

​

​sysconfig​

Python's configuration information

​

​syslog (Unix)

An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.

​

​

​

​

t

​

​

​tabnanny​

Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.

​

​tarfile​

Read and write tar-format archive files.

​

​telnetlib​

Telnet client class.

​

​tempfile​

Generate temporary files and directories.

​

​termios (Unix)

POSIX style tty control.

​​

​test​

Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.

​

​textwrap​

Text wrapping and filling

​

​threading​

Thread-based parallelism.

​

​time​

Time access and conversions.

​

​timeit​

Measure the execution time of small code snippets.

​​

​tkinter​

Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces

​

​token​

Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.

​

​tokenize​

Lexical scanner for Python source code.

​

​trace​

Trace or track Python statement execution.

​

​traceback​

Print or retrieve a stack traceback.

​

​tracemalloc​

Trace memory allocations.

​

​tty (Unix)

Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.

​

​turtle​

An educational framework for simple graphics applications

​

​turtledemo​

A viewer for example turtle scripts

​

​types​

Names for built-in types.

​

​typing​

Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).

​

​

​

​

u

​

​

​unicodedata​

Access the Unicode Database.

​​

​unittest​

Unit testing framework for Python.

​​

​urllib​

​

​

​uu​

Encode and decode files in uuencode format.

​

​uuid​

UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122

​

​

​

​

v

​

​

​venv​

Creation of virtual environments.

​

​

​

​

w

​

​

​warnings​

Issue warning messages and control their disposition.

​

​wave​

Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.

​

​weakref​

Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.

​

​webbrowser​

Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.

​

​winreg (Windows)

Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.

​

​winsound (Windows)

Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.

​​

​wsgiref​

WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.

​

​

​

​

x

​

​

​xdrlib​

Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).

​​

​xml​

Package containing XML processing modules

​​

xmlrpc

​

​

​

​

​

z

​

​

​zipapp​

Manage executable Python zip archives

​

​zipfile​

Read and write ZIP-format archive files.

​

​zipimport​

Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.

​

​zlib​

Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.

​

​zoneinfo​

IANA time zone support